Strategies for Helping a 2-Year-Old with Autism

Understanding Autism in Children

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. Recognizing the signs of autism in young children is crucial for early intervention and support. However, it's important to note that the signs of autism can vary and may present differently based on the child's age and stage of development.

Signs of Autism in Young Children

In young children, some early signs of autism may become apparent in the first 1-2 years of life [1]. These signs can vary in number and clarity, but they provide valuable clues for identifying potential autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits. It's important to remember that not all children with autism will display all of these signs, and the severity may differ from child to child.

Some common signs of autism in young children include:

• Limited social interaction, such as not responding to their name, avoiding eye contact, or showing reduced interest in others.
• Delayed or limited speech development, including not using gestures like pointing or waving, and a lack of shared or pretend play.
• Difficulty understanding and using non-verbal communication cues, such as facial expressions, gestures, and body language.
• Repetitive behaviors or restricted interests, such as repetitive body movements, fixations on specific objects, or adherence to strict routines.
• Sensory sensitivities, where children may have heightened or reduced responses to sensory stimuli like sounds, textures, or lights.

Gender Differences in Autism Presentation

Autism may present differently in girls than in boys, making it harder to spot in girls. Historically, autism has been predominantly diagnosed in boys, but recent research suggests that autism often goes undiagnosed in girls due to differences in how they express their symptoms. The National Autistic Society provides more information about autistic women and girls, shedding light on how autism may vary based on gender.

It's important to be aware of these gender differences and consider the possibility of autism in both boys and girls. By understanding the signs of autism in young children and recognizing the potential variations based on gender, parents, caregivers, and healthcare professionals can work together to ensure early identification and appropriate support for children with autism.

Early Diagnosis and Intervention

Early diagnosis and intervention play a crucial role in supporting children with autism. Detecting signs of autism at an early age allows for timely intervention, promoting better outcomes and maximizing the child's potential. The importance of early intervention cannot be overstated, as research consistently demonstrates its positive impact on autistic children's development and progress.

Importance of Early Intervention

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening all children for autism at 18 and 24 months of age, in addition to general developmental screenings that begin around 9 months of age. Early intervention provides an opportunity to address developmental delays and challenges at a critical stage when a child's brain is still forming and more changeable (plastic) than at older ages. By initiating intervention as soon as possible after a diagnosis or suspicion of autism, children have a greater chance of learning and making progress in managing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [4].

Early Signs of Autism in Babies

Recognizing early signs of autism in babies can be instrumental in facilitating early diagnosis and intervention. Research indicates that visible social-communication differences for infants with ASD begin to manifest as early as 9 months of age [5]. Infants who would later be diagnosed with ASD already exhibit fewer social and early speech skills compared to typically developing peers by 9 months of age, with further declines observed at 12 months.

Parents and caregivers can look out for early signs of autism, such as limited eye contact, delayed or absent babbling or gestures, lack of response to name, and reduced social smiling and engagement. Other indicators may include repetitive behaviors, sensory sensitivities, and atypical reactions to stimuli. It is important to note that the presence of these signs does not guarantee an autism diagnosis, but they may warrant further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Benefits of Early Diagnosis

Early diagnosis of autism allows for timely access to specialized interventions and support services. Early interventions for autism typically start as early as 2 or 3 years of age, taking advantage of the brain's plasticity during this developmental stage. Engaging in play-based methods of early intervention, even before an official diagnosis, can enhance language development, improve social skills, and foster a bond between the child and caregiver [3].

Research conducted by Dr. Landa found that babies whose parents tried at-home interventions before the children turned 1 had significantly milder autism symptoms by age 3, highlighting the benefits of early intervention. Early interventions give children the best chance of developing to their full potential, with some children making significant progress and no longer exhibiting symptoms of autism as they grow older.

By recognizing the importance of early intervention, being aware of the early signs of autism, and seeking professional evaluation and support, parents and caregivers can empower their child to thrive and reach their developmental milestones.

Strategies for Helping Children with Autism

When it comes to supporting children with autism, there are various strategies and interventions that can make a positive difference in their lives. In this section, we will explore three effective strategies: Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), and Speech Generating Devices (SGDs).

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is widely used for children with autism, aiming to help manage and modify behaviors, making it easier for them to overcome social challenges and enhance their learning experiences. ABA therapy is based on the principles of learning theory and focuses on systematically teaching and reinforcing desired behaviors while reducing unwanted behaviors.

The therapy often involves breaking down skills into smaller, manageable steps and using positive reinforcement to encourage and motivate children. By utilizing techniques such as prompting, shaping, and fading, ABA therapy helps children with autism acquire new skills, improve social interactions, and reduce behaviors that may interfere with their daily functioning.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a communication strategy that assists children with autism in expressing their specific needs efficiently through images. By using a series of picture symbols, children learn to initiate communication and make requests, enabling them to be more independent and improve their overall communication skills.

In PECS, children are taught to exchange a picture symbol with a communication partner in exchange for a desired item or action. This system encourages the development of functional communication and can be a stepping stone towards using spoken language or other forms of communication.

Speech Generating Devices (SGDs)

Speech Generating Devices (SGDs) are effective tools, particularly for children and young adults aged 3 to 20 years old, aiding in communication for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). SGDs are electronic devices that enable individuals to select words, phrases, or sentences, which are then spoken aloud by the device.

These devices can be especially beneficial for individuals who have limited verbal communication skills or are nonverbal. SGDs provide an alternative means of expressing thoughts, needs, and desires, facilitating communication and enhancing social interactions.

By employing strategies such as ABA therapy, PECS, and SGDs, children with autism can make significant progress in their communication and overall development. It's important to tailor these strategies to each child's unique needs and strengths, promoting their individual growth and maximizing their potential.

Supporting Children with Autism at Home

When it comes to helping children with autism, providing support at home is essential for their overall development and well-being. Here are some strategies that can be beneficial:

Structured Schedules and Routines

Children with autism often thrive in structured environments with predictable routines. Establishing a consistent daily schedule can help them feel secure and understand what to expect. Visual schedules or charts can be particularly helpful, as they provide a visual representation of the daily activities and help the child anticipate transitions. Consistency and clear expectations can help reduce anxiety and promote a sense of stability.

Positive Reinforcement and Praise

Positive reinforcement is an effective strategy for encouraging desired behaviors in children with autism. By providing praise and rewards for appropriate behaviors, you can motivate and reinforce their positive actions. It is important to identify and acknowledge even small steps towards the desired behavior.

Joining ASD Support Groups

Connecting with other parents and families who have children with autism can provide valuable support and a sense of community. ASD support groups offer a platform to share experiences, exchange information, and learn from one another. These groups often provide emotional support, practical advice, and access to resources that can enhance the journey of raising a child with autism.

By implementing these strategies, parents and caregivers can create a supportive and nurturing environment for children with autism at home. Remember that each child is unique, so it's important to observe and understand their individual needs and preferences. Seeking professional guidance from therapists, educators, and autism specialists can also provide valuable insights and tailored strategies for supporting your child's development and communication skills.

Educator's Role in Supporting Autistic Children

When it comes to supporting children with autism, educators play a vital role in creating a conducive learning environment and facilitating their overall development. This section focuses on the educator's role and highlights evidence-based practices, implementing effective strategies, and monitoring and evaluating progress.

Evidence-Based Practices for Autism

Educators are guided by federal laws such as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA '04), which mandate the use of evidence-based academic and behavioral practices and programs for children with autism. These practices are grounded in research and have been shown to be effective in teaching appropriate behaviors and skills while decreasing inappropriate behaviors.

The National Professional Development Center (NPDC) on Autism Spectrum Disorder has identified 27 evidence-based practices for improving outcomes for students with ASD. Educators and practitioners should consider various factors, such as the target behavior, the child's individualized education program (IEP) or individualized family service plan (IFSP), and the available resources, when selecting an evidence-based practice for a specific child.

Implementing Effective Strategies

Once an evidence-based practice has been selected, it is crucial to implement it effectively. Educators should receive training and support to ensure fidelity in implementing the chosen practice. This involves following the prescribed procedures and techniques outlined in the practice's guidelines.

To effectively implement strategies, educators should collaborate with other professionals, such as special education teachers, speech-language pathologists, and occupational therapists. By working together, they can provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to support autistic children's development and address their individual needs.

Monitoring and Evaluating Progress

To assess the effectiveness of an evidence-based practice and the progress of the child, it is essential to collect baseline data on the target behavior before implementing the practice [7]. This baseline data serves as a reference point for comparison with data collected after the strategy has been implemented. It helps to determine whether the practice is having the desired impact on the child's behavior and skills.

Ongoing data collection and monitoring are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen practice. By collecting data on the target behavior, educators can make data-informed decisions and make adjustments as needed. It is also crucial to assess whether the practice was implemented with fidelity, ensuring that it was carried out as intended.

By implementing evidence-based practices, educators can provide effective support to autistic children in their classrooms. Regular monitoring and evaluation of progress help to refine strategies and ensure that each child receives the individualized attention they need to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally.

Communication Skills in Autistic Children

Communication plays a vital role in the development and social interactions of autistic children. Understanding their unique communication challenges, progressing their skills, and implementing effective strategies can greatly support their overall communication abilities.

Understanding Communication Challenges

Autistic children often experience difficulties in communicating with others. Communication encompasses the exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information through speech, writing, or nonverbal expression. Language, which involves the use of words, whether written, spoken, or signed, is a crucial aspect of communication.

Autistic children may communicate differently from typically developing children, using language in ways that can be challenging for others to understand. For instance, children with echolalia may repeat phrases they associate with certain situations or emotional states, even if the context doesn't align with their intentions. Over time, many autistic children can progress to using language in more typical ways.

Communication difficulties can often manifest in challenging behaviors such as self-harming, tantrums, or aggression. These behaviors may be the child's way of expressing needs, emotions, confusion, or fear. It is essential to try to understand the underlying message behind these behaviors and approach situations from the child's perspective.

Progressing Communication Skills

To support autistic children in progressing their communication skills, it is beneficial to adopt a gradual approach that builds upon their current abilities. By closely observing their communication attempts, caregivers and professionals can identify the next steps and appropriate strategies for teaching. For example, if a child cries in the kitchen to express their desire for food, the next step could involve teaching them to point to or reach for the food as a means of communication, rather than immediately focusing on verbal language.

Strategies for Improving Communication

Improving communication skills in autistic children involves implementing various strategies tailored to their needs. Some effective strategies include:

• Observation: Caregivers should closely observe a child's attempts to communicate, including their gestures, vocalizations, or other nonverbal cues. This can provide insights into their preferred methods of expression and help identify areas for improvement.
• Visual Supports: Using visual aids, such as pictures, symbols, or visual schedules, can assist in enhancing communication. Labeling items around the house with corresponding words can help children make connections between objects and their names.
• Positive Reinforcement: Praising and rewarding autistic children each time they use targeted communication skills can be highly motivating. Positive reinforcement encourages continued progress and fosters confidence in their communication abilities.
• Seeking Professional Support: Consulting with a speech pathologist or other autism professionals can provide valuable guidance and structured interventions to address specific communication challenges.

By employing these strategies and creating a supportive environment, caregivers and educators can effectively enhance the communication skills of autistic children, facilitating their interactions and overall development.

References

• ‍https://raisingchildren.net.au/autism/learning-about-autism/assessment-diagnosis/early-signs-of-asd
• ‍https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/signs/children/
• ‍https://www.parents.com/baby/health/autism/early-autism-intervention-activities-for-babies/
• ‍https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/treatments/early-intervention
• ‍https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferpalumbo/2021/12/31/how-a-new-study-shows-the-importance-of-early-diagnosis-of-autistic-infants/
• ‍https://www.nu.edu/blog/7-autism-behavior-and-communication-strategies/
• ‍https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/asd2/cresource/q1/p02/
• ‍https://raisingchildren.net.au/autism/communicating-relationships/communicating/communication-asd